5^th Animal Health and Veterinary Medicine Congress September 26-27, 2016 Valencia, Spain

Biography:

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Biography:

Imre Oláh graduated at the Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary in 1962, 1962-63 he was a research fellow at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 1964 research assistant at Department of Histology and Embriology, 1971 associate professor at the Anatomy Histology and Embriology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University Budapest. 1974 PhD degree of Hungarian Academy of Science. 1976-77 and 1980-83 Research Assistate Poultry Science Department Mississippi State, Mississippi. 1983-89 Senior Research Scientist, Semmelweis University. 1989-91 Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson SC. 1993 Professor of Anatomy Department Semmelweis University 1995-2003 professor and head of Anatomy Histology and Embriology Department Semmelweis University 2008 Professor emeritus up to now

Abstract:

In avian species the bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid organ, which is responsible for B cell differentiation and antigen- specific IgY production. The surface epithelium of the bursa comprises approximately 90% interfollicular and 10% follicle-associated epithelium. The interfollicular epithelium has a discontinuous basal cell layer that may be differentiated to interfollicular epithelial cells secreting mucin-like substance. The early experimental studies suggested that the endocytosis of follicle-associated epithelium provides antigen access from the bursal lumen into the follicles. The aim of this study is to investigate the Caveolin-1 mediated endocytosis of interfollicular epithelium in chicken’s bursa of Fabricius. The immunohistochemistry of Caveolin-1 indicated that no Caveolin-1 mediated endocytosis in the follicle-associated epithelium, but in the interfollicular epithelium Caveolin-1 positive and negative cells were found. The transmission electron microscopy confirmed the two types of interfollicular epithelial cells. After infectious bursal disease virus infection the number of Caveolin-1 positive cells drastically decreased, but by 28 days postinfection their number returns to that of the control. These results indicate that not only the follicle-associated but the interfollicular epithelium also participates in the Gumboro infection and this is the first paper dealing with the Caveolin-1 expression in the interfollicular epithelium after Gumboro virus infection.

Biography:

Professor Timms is Professor of Microbiology at the University of Sunshine Coast in Queensland, Australia. He is a nationally and internationally renowned microbiologist with specific expertise in the area of Chlamydia. His laboratory is acknowledged as the leading Australian laboratory and one of the leading groups internationally working on all aspects of chlamydial infections.

Abstract:

Wild koala populations continue to experience serious declines as a result of several threatening factors including, (i) loss of habitat, (ii) motor vehicle trauma; (iii) dog attacks; (iv) chlamydial disease. Chlamydial infections are associated with diseases ranging from ocular disease leading to blindness, as well as urinary and genital tract disease, leading to female infertility. Modeling shows that targeting chlamydial disease would have a major impact on stabilising population decline. Our previous studies have demonstrated that koalas can be safely immunized with a vaccine containing a mixture of chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) antigens combined with a single or three-dose subcutaneous regime. In our most recent, large scale, field trial of the vaccine, we vaccinated 30 koalas that were outwardly clinically healthy but either Chlamydia PCR negative or Chlamydia PCR positive, and followd them for 1-2 years to assess the protective effect of the vaccine (compared to a control group of unvaccinated koalas). We observed strong, specific and long-lasting immune responses in the vaccinated koalas; high titre antibody responses (as measured by ELISA and also in vitro neutralisation) as well as Chlamydia-specific cytokine responses (interferon-gamma and IL-17 in particular). For animals which were Chlamydia PCR positive at the time of vaccination, we observed a significant reduction in their infection PCR load (at both the ocular and urogenital tract sites). We also observed protection from progression to clinical disease in the vaccinated animals. We have also conducted a small trial to vaccinate animals which already have clinical signs of ocular disease. Instead of the normal practice of administering antibiotics (chloramphenicol, daily for 28 days, which severely disrupts the animal’s gut microbiome) we vaccinated four animals with a single dose, 3-MOMP vaccine. For all vaccinated animals, their Chlamydia PCR load decreased, often to zero, and in two animals at least, we observed a decrease in their clinical disease score. These results are promising for the future development of an effective chlamydial vaccine for use in captive as well as wild koalas.

Biography:

Ângela Martins is the clinical director of the Arrabida Veterinary Hospital and of the 1st Functional Animal Rehabilitation Center–CRAA. She is working as a Professor at Lusofona University, on the discipline: Physical Medicine and Animal Rehabilitation, and guest professor on the same topic at the Technical University of Lisbon. She has completed her degree in Veterinary Medicine in 1991 and Post graduated in emergencies, orthopedic and neurologie, at University Lusofona. She wrote few articles on Functional Neuro-Rehabilitation. She is a member of AARV–IAVRPT. She has completed several courses like CCRP in 2012 from University of Tennessee, ESAVS-Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy of Small Animals in 2010 and Course of traumatologyorthopedic rehabilitation in 2012.

Abstract:

Neurologic lesions in dogs may have countless causes and can occur, for example, in cervical region. Two different motor systems can be affected and, either one, can seriously compromise the animal’s autonomy. In both cases, functional neurorehabilitation has been included in these cases treatment plan. In the present master dissertation, we aimed to evaluate how the success in the rehabilitation of these animals can be influenced by the dog’s characteristics, the disease, the type of treatment and the time elapsed between the initial lesion and the start of the functional neurorehabilitation. A clinical study was performed, with 22 dogs with diagnosed cervical neurologic lesion. Conservative or surgical treatment was performed and the dogs were subjected to a functional neurorehabilitation protocol, elaborated at the Centro de Reabilitação Animal da Arrábida, where the type of lesion, patient characteristics, deficits presented at the entrance and exit from the Center and time elapsed between the lesion and the entrance and the exit of the Center, were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the affected motor systems and the deficits presented or recovery time. Still, the type of treatment was related with etiology, where, generally, congenital and traumatic cases have been submitted to conservative treatment, while surgical treatment was mostly performed in degenerative and multifactorial cases. In concerning to deficits at the entrance of the Center and the type of treatment, surgical management was mostly applied in non-ambulatory tetraparesic patients, while conservative management was mostly performed in tetraplegic dogs or with other neurologic deficits. We conclude that functional neurorehabilitation had a primary role in this patient’s recovery, allowing 72.8% returning to functionality and regain autonomy, avoiding a more radical outcome.

Biography:

Yong Heo earned his DVM degree at 1983 from Seoul National University and has completed his PhD with immunology major at 1997 from State University of New York at Albany. He is a full professor since 2001 at the department of occupational health, Catholic University of Daegu, Korea. He has published more than 50 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of Journal of Immunotoxicology.

Abstract:

Hazardous biochemical agents in animal husbandry indoor environments are known to promote the occurrence of various illness among husbandry workers and animals. The relationship between endotoxin levels in dust collected from Korean beef cattle farms and various immunological markers on bovine cellular immunity was investigated. Peripheral blood was obtained from 25 cattles from five different beef cattle farms in Korea. Concentration of total dust in indoor of the animal farms was evaluated using PVC membrane filter with 37 mm cassette at flow rate of 2.0 liters/min for 8 hours. Endotoxin levels in the total dust were determined by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Kinetic method. Microbial air samples were collected by the use of Cascade Impactor onto petri dishes with bacteria or fungi growth media. Cytokine production was evaluated through stimulation of peripheral mononuclear cells (106 cells/ml) with Concanavlain A (5 microgram/106 cells) for 72 hours in 5% CO2 incubator. Interferon-gamma versus interleukin-4 ratio, an immunological paramter for helper T cell subtype skewedness, was substantially lower in cattles from the two farms with higher endotoxin ceonecntrations (100.940.7 EU/m3) than the cattles from the three farms with lower endotoxin levels (17.78.3 EU/m3). Phenotyping analysis through FACS for peripheral mononuclear cells demonstrated significantly lower percentage of WC1+ gamma delta T cell, an imporant immune cell for protection against microbial infection, in cattles (9.71.7%) from the farms with higher endotoxin level than those (15.02.3%) from the farms with lower endotoxin level. Prevalent microorganisms were Gram positive bacteria; Staphylococcus lentus, S. chromogenes, Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, and Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans and Acinetobactor iwoffi for fungi and Gram negative bacteria, respectively. Overall, these results suggest a probable negative association between dust endotoxin levels and cell-mediated immunity in Korean beef cattles.

Biography:

Dr. Joel Ehrenzweig has combined 25+ years of multi-site companion and exotic animal practice ownership in New York City and Boston with biotech and animal health industry expertise to transition innovative products from the biotech, pharmaceutical, veterinary, and diagnostics industries to veterinarians and pet owners around the globe.

Abstract:

The struggle for acceptance that accompanies the end-of-life process that clients and veterinary staff must face is fraught with conflicting values and emotions. It is well-accepted that the primary trigger for compassion fatigue in veterinary practice is moral stress. While stress is part and parcel of veterinary practice, if poorly managed, this stress can lead to burnout, depression, anxiety, relationship conflict (both in the workplace and at home), and even suicide. Dr. David J. Bartram found veterinarians were 5.5 times as likely to have suicidal thoughts than the general population. A 2012 study reported that 66% of practicing veterinarians who responded stated that they had clinical levels of depression, and 24% reported seriously considering suicide. Compare this to the national U.S. depression rate of 6-8%. These numbers have to be even worse for veterinarians and staff are engaged in hospice and palliative care. By offering their clients Genetic Preservation and Cloning options, veterinarians can facilitate the acceptance of end-of-life decisions for their pet and, at the same time, relieve some of the emotional baggage that practitioners and the entire veterinary staff have to deal with. While these service may not be for every practitioner, practice, or client, the profession now has a viable answer when a client asks, “But, isn’t there anything else we can do?” This presentation will touch on the basics of genetic preservation and cloning, a brief history of its successful role in equines and food animal production and its potential beneficial applications for companion animal veterinarians.

Biography:

Lenita Moura Stefani has a degree in Veterinary Medicine (1993) from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), Master degree in Animal Science (2000), from the University of Delaware/USA, PhD in Veterinary Medicine (2004) from the University of Maryland, College Park, USA), and Postdoctoral (2015) from the University of Maryland, Baltimore Campus, USA). She is a Professor of the Graduate Program in Animal Science at the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó City – Santa Catarina State, Brazil.

Abstract:

Studies on gene expression have been used in many microorganisms, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) is an important tool. The invA gene is a marker for virulence of Salmonella spp. and its expression is related to bacterial invasiveness, that could result in severe disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate differences in the expression of this gene in isolates of S. Heidelberg (SH) of avian origin through the qPCR technique. This study was conducted at the University of the State of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó city, Southern Brazil. SH samples (n=18) were isolated from Paraná State, Southern Brazil, being 7 from the slaughterhouses (carcasses) and 11 from the field (drag swabs). Bacterial RNA was extracted using the PureLink® RNA Mini Kit (Ambion, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA) with subsequent quantification by Qubit® 2.0 Fluorometer (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA). The resulting RNA was treated with the enzyme deoxyribonuclease I Amplification Grade (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad). cDNA was synthesized using the Reverse Transcriptase kit with high capacity cDNA (Applied Biosystems, Foster, USA). The cDNA was treated with the enzyme inhibitor RNaseOUT Recombinant Ribonuclease ™ (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, USA). The analysis of invA expression was performed using primers previously described by Rahn et al., 1992. As a reference gene, 16S rRNA gene was used (Botteldoom et al., 2006). For qPCR reactions, the kit SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, USA) was used. Amplification conditions for invA and 16SRNAr genes were obtained as described by Mustafa and Singh (2013). For both genes, after 40 cycles of amplification, all samples were subjected to analysis of the dissociation curve (melting curve). Each sample was done in duplicate in specific qPCR optical plates to 96 well thermal cycler in real time CFX96 (Bio-Rad). Amplification results were analyzed using the Bio-Rad CFX Manager software. For gene 16SRNAr a straight line was obtained with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.995 and reaction efficiency (E) of 80.2%. As for the invA gene the value of R² was 0.990 and the E value was 83.1 %. All isolates of SH expressed the invA gene. However, the amount of protein expression varied among isolates, where samples from the field had, on average, 2.53 times higher expression compared to those isolated from carcasses. Since invA is related to the capacity of Salmonella to cause disease in many hosts, further studies are needed to evaluate the importance of a greater expression of invA and the onset of disease and its degree of severity.

Biography:

Inas N. El- Husseiny has completed her PhD at the age of 30 years from Cairo University Faculty of veterinary medicine. She has postdoctoral studies and publications in different international journals which reached more than 30 papers in reputable journals. She is a supervisor on 8 thesis for master and PhD students in the field of veterinary surgery. She is a professor in the department of veterinary surgery, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University.

Abstract:

The incidence of orodental diseases became more prevalent during recent years and widely distributed between dogs. From the economical point of view, the orodental affections in dogs make their owners spend much more money in fixing problems in the pet’s mouth than they do preventing them. In the present work, the incidence of orodental affections in a total of 693 cases of dogs was studied. A total of (504 cases) were affected which represented (78.8%) of the total examined number. Diseases related to the soft tissues were recorded in (28) cases which represented (5.5%) from the total affected cases. The recorded affections were oro-nasal fistula (10.7%), gingivostomatitis (14.2%), wounds (17.8%), ulcers (14.2%), foreign bodies (10.7%), oral tumors (17.8%), epulis (7.1%), and salivary mucoceles (7.1%).All cases were subjected to full investigations including case history and clinical signs and for confirmation some cases underwent radiographic and histopathological examination.

Biography:

Frueauf, a director in the Biotechnology/Chemical Group, counsels domestic and international clients on the preparation, prosecution, and management of complex worldwide patent portfolios. He is also experienced in the research and preparation of freedom-to-operate, validity, infringement, and patentability analyses and uses these tools to advise his clients on their business strategy. Mr. Frueauf has experience in various inter partes matters, including district court litigation, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office litigation, and Section 337 investigations before the U.S. International Trade Commission. Mr. Frueauf is a contributing author of Patent Office Litigation, a two-volume set focused on the new contested proceedings under the America Invents Act published in 2012 by Thomson Reuters Westlaw. This book examines how the proceedings interact with other aspects of patent procurement and enforcement, and delivers practical analysis and advice.

Abstract:

With the global animal healthcare market expected to exceed USD 40,000 million by 2020, the need to protect the underlying products will never be greater. Patents, among other forms of intellectual property, play a key role protecting products in this industry. However, recent decisions by U.S. courts have cast a cloud over several tools used for animal healthcare. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court's Myriad decision and subsequent rulings by the lower courts upended well-settled expectations in the U.S. regarding the patent eligibility of nature-based products, including polypeptides, polynucleotides, microorganisms, and the products that they create. The U.S. is not alone in experiencing a significant disruption of patent law, as Europe went through a similar upheaval about 10 years ago. And while the law on patent eligibility at the European Patent Office (EPO) is now largely settled, the situation in the USPTO is less certain at present. An understanding of the similarities and differences between the EPO and USPTO is critical to a comprehensive patent portfolio strategy needed to succeed in the global animal healthcare market. This presentation will provide a summary of the EPO’s and USPTO’s approaches to examining patents in animal healthcare, including application of the USPTO’s Examining Guidelines to the tools used in and products made by the industry.

Biography:

Giorgio Marchesini graduated in veterinary medicine at the University of Padova in 2000. From 2004 to 2006 he worked at University of Udine with a scholarship on “wildlife”, whereas since 2007 he has been working as assistant professor at the Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, at University of Padova. He has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals, and since AY 2007/08 he is teaching “Animal Production Techniques” for the Food Safety and Hygiene Degree. In the AY 2013/14 he has been engaged in teaching at the Master of Veterinary Medicine International Cooperation at the University of Padova. His research activity is mainly focused on cattle management and feeding techniques finalised to the improvement of productions and animal welfare. Some studies are also focused on the diagnosis and prevention of some cattle metabolic diseases and on milk sanitisation and transformation technology.

Abstract:

Precision farming requires the collection of detailed data on feed, environmental conditions, physiological parameters, activity and performance of the animals throughout the production cycle. For some years there have been some devices which make possible some measurements on single animals, such as activity level and rumination time. While these tools are widespread in dairy farms, their application in the beef sector is still limited. The aim of this study was to measure the level of activity (from 0 to 253 every 2 h) and daily rumination during the conditioning period of young bulls and to check whether these data can be used as indicators in predicting weight gain and in early detection of diseases. The study was conducted on 108 young bulls coming from France, with an average age of 390±49 days and an average weight of 453±21 kg. Upon arrival in the farm the animals were weighed and fitted with SCR collars (HRLDn Tag; SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel). Animals were checked daily to verify their health condition and the right position of the collar. Any symptoms and therapies have been regularly recorded. The animals were raised in 11 pens for 70 days in loose housing on deep litter and were weighted at the end of the conditioning period. Data on rumination and activity were recorded by collars every 2 hours and then summarized as values of total daily rumination and activity. As regard to activity and rumination data, statistical descriptors and some indices of disomogeneity were also calculated. After checking for normality, Perason’s correlation coefficients were assessed between average daily gain (ADG) and activity and rumination variables. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA according to the fixed effect of ADG (3 levels: low, LWG, medium, MWG, and high, HWG). Animals on the whole were healthy, in fact only two had fever, 16 suffered of sporadic cough and 14 showed nasal discharge. The animals had an average daily gain of 1.56±0.33 kg/day (0.68 - 2.33). The animals showed an average level of daily rumination and activity equal to 366±78 minutes and 481±88, respectively. Daily rumination and activity increased gradually up to three weeks after the arrival (from 336 to 413 minutes and from 427 to 493, respectively) and then decreased gradually over time, probably because of the reduction of fiber in the ration. Significant correlations with ADG were found for some variables. Among them there were minimum daily rumination and the rumination disomogeneity index, but r values were very low: 0.25 (P=0.009) and -0.25 (P=0.008), respectively. However some parameters were found to be significantly different among ADG categories. Among them the minimum value of daily rumination (DMR) and the rumination range (RR), for LDG, MDG and HDG categories were 142, 170, 197minutes (P=0.0184) and (366, 336, 315 minutes (P=0.045), respectively. Although there is a great individual and daily variation in activity and rumination, such parameters promise to be useful in daily growth forecasting and in recognition of alterations of the health status.

Biography:

Stewart Daniel has an extensive career in animal welfare and an advanced diploma in companion animal behaviour. Joined the KZN Rabies Elimination Project in 2009 - 2015 to run the welfare, research and training component of the project. His expertise has been utilised by several organisations globally, (WHO, OIE, FAO, Pasture, WAP, GARC) with the emphasis being on dog population management, rabies elimination programs and animal handling training. He has presented at multiple international conferences relating to his expertise. He runs a successful private company which focuses on all aspects of animal management and is passionate about dogs and their relationships with people.

Abstract:

Despite the ancient symbiotic relationship between dogs and humans, conflict between both are inevitable and dog bites are as old as the relationship itself. Biting is usually driven by the dog’s natural instincts, but sometimes a disease such as rabies plays a role. With the global focus on human rabies elimination by 2030 and considering that dog bites are 99% of the cause of such a zoonotic disease it seems foreseeable that dog bite prevention should be the next step forward towards eliminating dog mediated human rabies. In an internationally supported rabies elimination project in KZN South Africa, it became clear that despite a dramatic reduction in rabies amongst dogs through vaccination, this did little to reduce dog bites, and as awareness increased so rabies treatments with, Rabies Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) increased despite the number of potential rabies contacts being drastically reduced. It also became apparent that most dog bites could have been avoided through education, which would reduce both the cost and potential contact with rabid animals by applying simple principles to the interactions between humans and dogs. Consequently, the following questions were be asked: • Why do dogs bite? • What human behaviour elicits bites? • How can these behaviours be avoided? • Can bites from rabid dogs also be avoided? Generally dog bites are not merely caused by a rabies infected dog but rather by multi factors of human, environmental and dog behavioural influences. Education on dog bite prevention globally, should be a part of every countries one health approach. This will decrease the incidence of human rabies as well as the financial, physical and psychological burden of treating potentially, these unnecessary dog bites. Despite a global focus on the number of children been bitten by dogs or dying from rabies, a high percentage of dog bite victims are in fact adults. Hence, dog bite prevention education needs to be, not only focused on children but expanded to be more inclusive of the whole of society and broadened in scope to include information on both dog behaviour, bite prevention and simple, primary animal welfare and husbandry. However with an increasing global emphasis on neglected zoonotics, it is also clear this holistic ‘pet care’ education can in turn address multiple zoonotics. This One Health concept should consider all aspects of the relationship between humans and dogs in order to nurture that valuable relationship while also reducing dog bites and along with it, the multiple zoonosis diseases and parasites that are commonly separated by different programs and priorities.

Biography:

Ali Hassanpour is large animal internist.  He has completed his PhD at the age of 31 years from Department of clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. He is Associate professor of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. He has published more than 40 papers in reputed journals.

Abstract:

This study was conducted on 210 sheep in Maku area in Iran in order to determine seroprevalence of leptospiral infection. Sera were initially screened at dilution of 1:100 against 8 live serovars of Leptospira interrogans: Pomona, Canicola, Hardjo, Ballom, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Automenalis, Australis, and Grippotyphosa using the microscopic agglutination test. The prevalence of leptospiral infection (At titers 100 and 200) was 15.23% in sheep. There was significant relationship between aging and the incidence of leptospiral infection (P<0.05) and there was no significant relationship between breed of the sheep and the incidence of leptospiral infection. The highest number of reactors in sheep (62%) was due to serovar Canicola, followed in descending order by Icterohaemorrhagiae (32%) and Hardjo (6%). All off the sera were seronegatives for Pomona, Ballum, Grippotyphosa and Autominalise. The majority of titre levels were between 100 and 200 for all the serovars. These results confirm that the majority of leptospiral infections are asymptomatic and the presence of antibodies in the absence of infection indicates exposure to the organism in these animals.

Biography:

Nazik Zuelnoon Eisa Ali is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gezira, Sudan.

Abstract:

This study was conducted to evaluate the economic impact of natural gastrointestinal parasitic infection on fattening performance of Sudan Desert sheep. Forty-eight naturally infected lambs were divided into 2 groups of 24lambs each. One group was treated for internal parasites while the other was left nturally infected. Each group was then divided into two groups according to age (old two years and young milk teeth) and dietary energy level (high and low). The design ended up with eight groups of 6 individuals each which were old treated high energy (OTHE), old infected high energy (OIHE), old treated low energy (OTLE), old infected low energy (OILE), young treated high energy (YTHE), young infected high energy (YIHE), young treated low energy (YTLE) and young infected low energy (YILE). They were then fattened for 60 days during which feedlot performance, mortality rate, purchase prices, sales and margins were calculated. The growth parameters as average daily gain and final body showed significantly (P< 0.001) high differences among the treatments. Margin percent of sales of (OTHE) was 23.80% while (OILE) lost 40% of their total cost. Although (YTHE) ranked second in term of performance, but they achieved the best profit which was 5.7% more than the profit of (OTHE) because of less dry matter consumption. The number of sold lambs for (OILE) and (YILE) decreased by 50% due to mortality. Total margin of (OTHE) was 98.08 $, while (OIHE) was sold for 36.36% less profit. The earlier group gained 82.81% more profit than (OTLE). Although older treated lambs gained more weight than younger ones but economically younger lambs were more profitable. Total sales revenue of (OTHE) was 510 $ with 19.2% total margin, while the total sales revenue of (YTHE) was 480 $ reaching 24.9% total margin. Concentrate supplementation policy has to be followed to increase productivity of sheep and to lower mortality due to gastrointestinal parasites specially when in poor rainy seasons. Governments has to adopt such policy to protect the national grazing herd. More studies about the effect of gastrointestinal parasites on sheep need to be conducted.

Biography:

Shehla Gul Bokhari has completed her PhD from Nanjing Agricultural University China in 2011. She currently works at the Pet Centre of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. She has pioneered tendon scanning services for the first time in Pakistan through her project funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. She has published 12 papers in various journals and presented at 4 international conferences.

Abstract:

The aim of the present study was to precisely diagnose and evaluate the percentage occurrence and severity of injuries to the tendons and other soft tissue structures in various joints in horses, in and around the Lahore city of Pakistan. 48 horses were included in the study and divided into three equal groups (n=16) i.e. Group A (race), Group B (polo) and Group C (draft-purpose) Horses. Each group was further subdivided into two equal sub-groups i.e. sound and unsound, with eight horses in each sub-group. Soft tissue structures from various joints including elbow, carpus, fetlock (fore and hind-legs), stifle, hock and flexor tendons were assessed in unsound horses on the basis of various clinical parameters, which included warmth, swelling, degree of pain, degree of lameness and range of motion, respectively. The results showed that warmth at the site of injury was significant (P≤0.021) in the race horse Group A only. Swelling was highly significant in all three groups, being more pronounced in the polo horse Group B (P≤0.000) and successively followed by the race and draft- horse Groups A and C (P≤0.002). Degree of pain (P≤0.001) and degree of lameness (P≤0.003) were highly significant for all three groups, equally. Range of motion of affected joints was however, highly significant for the race horse Group A (P≤0.001), followed by a significant reduction in range of motion of joints in the draft-purpose Group C (P≤0.022) and the polo horse Group B (P≤0.034), respectively. On the basis of statistical analysis and clinical findings, it was concluded that injuries were generally more pronounced in race horses (Group A) as compared to the other two groups.

Biography:

Yalcin Akbulut started his undergraduate study in faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Kafkas University in 2000 and graduated in 2005. Upon graduation he started to study his PhD degree in the deparment of Anatomy, Faculty of Kafkas University. He complated his PhD 2010. He was assigned as an Assist. Professor his PhD 2012. He has been working at the same university since 2012.

Abstract:

The nerves of the wing and trunk arise from the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by the ventral roots of the last two cervical spinal nerves and the first two or three thoracic spinal nerves in the fowl. In domestic fowl these are typically nerves 13 to 16 and sometimes also 17. The brachial plexus is formed from the merge of ventral branches of the last three cervical nerves and the first two thoracic nerves in Merlin as a raptor. This study was carried out with the permission taken from of General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs on June of 2015. Totally five adult buzzards (Buteo buteo), three of them were male and two were female, obtained from the Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Kafkas University were used in this study. The Common buzzards were fixed in 10% formalin solution for anatomical examinations. It was determined that there are two plexus as the brachial plexus and the accessory brachial plexus in the Common buzzard. It was also detected that v. jugularis, a. carotis communis and n. vagus placed in the medial of the brachial plexus, while v. subclavia and a. subclavia were in caudal part of plexus. In addition, it was specified that the accessory brachial plexus located in cranial and it is originated from the merge of ventral branches of the cervical spinal nerve of 10th and 11th (C10 and C11). Mean diameters of C10 and C11 were measured as 0.49 and 0.69 mm, respectively. It was identified that the brachial plexus originated from the merge of ventral branches of the last three cervical spinal nerves (C11, C12, C13) with ventral branches of the first two thoracic (T1 and T2) spinal nerves. Diameters of these branches, joining the origination of the brachial plexus, were measured as 0.69, 1.27, 2.13, 1.81 and 0.98 mm, respectively. As a result, the formation of the Common buzzard’s brachial plexus, the participating spinal nerves to plexus and the innervation areas of these nerves were determined.

Biography:

Fernanda Washington de M. Lima is currently working as an Associate professor at Faculty of Pharmacy at Federal University of Bahia. I have experience in Clinical Analysis, with emphasis on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, mainly in the following areas: Immunodiagnostics, Serology, Epidemiology and Biotechnology for the production of antigens and antibodies.

Abstract:

Toxoplasma gondii is the primary abortion-causing agent by infectious disease in goats. Moreover, intake of meat and milk from infected animals can facilitate zoonotic transmission. Thus, investigating the immune response against T. gondii is very important for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease in order to develop control strategies and immunoprophylaxis. The aim of this study was to investigate aspects of the humoral and cellular immune response of goats experimentally infected with TOX31 and RH strains of T. gondii. The humoral immune response was evaluated through the levels of anti-T. gondii antibodies using ELISA, while cell response was investigated by determination of IFN-gamma concentration in supernatant of culture from peripheral blood cell of infected and control animals. The study was conducted with 21 goats divided into three groups of 7 animals each one (n = 7): a negative control and two experimentally infected groups with HR or TOX 31 strains, respectively. Infected animals showed a rapid humoral immune response with seroconversion to IgG antibodies at day 15, which reached maximum levels in the sixtieth day after infection. The "in vitro" stimulation for animals inor to the RH strain. Histopathological study showed major changes in the animal inoculatculated with the HR strain with T. gondii antigen, in different concentrations of total proteins, produced a high concentration of IFN-gamma on day 15 post infection. Only at higher antigen concentrations (300mg / ml), the animals infected with strain TOX31 and the negative control showed IFN-gamma increases similaed with RH strain as hyperplasia of the submandibular lymph nodes and lung lymphoid tissue. In general, IgG levels of anti-T. gondii and IFN-gamma were higher in goats group infected with T. gondii from RH than from TOX31 strain. Thus, the RH strain demonstrates higher immunogenicity than the TOX31.

Biography:

Areej Bakhraibah has a position of demonstrator then lecturer and she completed her PhD at the age of 32 years from Girls College. After that, she has a position of assistant professor in the same college, then in King Abdulaziz University. She is the supervisor of zoology section, Biology department at KAU.

Abstract:

The present study was carried out on a total number of 60 specimens of Scarus fish caught from the Rea Sea coast of Jeddah and Rabigh cities in Saudi Arabia. 30 fish from each locality were carefully examined for the determination of their metazoan parasitic fauna.Collected parasites were identified as Monogenea (Deplictanum sp.), Isopoda (Praniza Larva), Copepoda (Hatshakia sp.) and Digenea (Bucephalus and Lecithoclaster spp.) Out of 30 specimens of fish caught from the coast of Jeddah 13 (43.4%) were infested by 90 parasites which comprise of two parasite species, Deplictanum sp. and Praniza Larva with prevalence of infestation 40% and 3.33% respectively. Mean intensity of the previous infestations varied from 6-7 parasites per fish. Digenean parasites were not detected in Scarus fish of Jeddah. Concerning Scarus fish of Rabigh, a total number of infested fish was 19(63.33%) with a number of 205 parasites representing 4 parasite species. Single and multiple infestations were recorded. Monogenea (Deplictanum sp.) represents the most commonly encountered ectoparasite with prevalence (53.3%) and mean intensity (10.9) followed by Digenea (20%) and mean intensity (3.8) then Isopoda (13.3%) and mean intensity (1.75). No parasitic infestation was observed in Scarus female fish (no. 10) of Jeddah (0.0%). Out of 20 male fish 13 (65%) were infested with 90 parasites with mean intensity 6.9, comprising two parasite species, Isopoda with prevalence (55.5) and mean intensity (7) and Copepoda in only one fish (5.0%) and intensity (6). Female fish from Rabigh (no. 19) had higher prevalence (84.2%) than male (no. 11) which showed prevalence (27.3%) with Isopoda only. Four parasite species were recovered from female fish of Rabigh. Monogenea showed the highest prevalence (68.7) and mean intensity (9.7) followed by Digenea, prevalence (31.56%) and mean intensity (3.8) then Isopoda showed the lowest prevalence (21.05%) and mean intensity (1.75). Statistical analysis were used to compare the obtained data and factors that may determine the relationship between parasitic prevalence and intensity and fish sex were discussed.

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Biography:

Javier Mazón Marín is currently working as a professor of ruminants pathology and productions in the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia, Spain. He graduated in the Faculty of Veterinary from the University of Zaragoza in 1993. He has been acting as a responsible director of the sanitary programs of farmers agrupations since 1993. From 2003 to 2014 he served as a head manager for the bovine Berrenda Breeding Association. He worked as a Associate teacher of the Faculty of Veterinary in the University CEU- Cardenal Herrea, Valencia during the period 2003-2015. He received diploma in Veterinary Ophthalmology from The University of Complutense, Madrid in 2011.

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Biography:

Juan Seva Alcaraz is professor in the Area of Anatomy Pathology of Faculty Veterinary Medicine in Murcia, University of Murcia. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine from Faculty of Murcia. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain in 1991 and received Doctorate in 1996 from the same university. He worked as a Veterinary Inspector in the Ministry of Health in the Community Murcia (Spain) since 1993 to 1998. He is working as Vice Dean of the Veterinary Faculty in Murcia for seven years. His research activity includes, 8 Financed Research Projects, 12 Research contracts with industries, 37 indexed peer review papers as author or co-author, 4 book chapters, more of 100 oral presentations and conferences by invitation, director of 5 PhD thesis, 2 graduation thesis and 7 Master thesis.

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Biography:

Ahmed Hegazi is currently a Professor of Microbiology and Immunology in the National Research Center, Egypt. Prof. Hegazi received his master’s degree in 1979, and his PhD in 1981. Hegazi's research work has been focused lately on bee products and their therapeutic effects. Hegazi organized and contributed to national and international research projects since 1977 and up till now; he has been the principal investigator on multiple research projects within the National Research Center. He has published 211 scientific papers and articles in national and international journals. He also served on the board of multiple national and international scientific journals.

Abstract:

Medicine, like all other fields, is subject to trends. In recent years, trends towards "alternative healing" have emerged on top. Perhaps the reason for this trend is that medicine has failed to provide cures for so many afflictions without having unbearable side effects, or perhaps the reason is that medicine has advanced so much that attempts to create medicines that are less harmful than synthesized medicines have resulted in this natural trend. Whatever the reason, the fact remains that vitamin supplements, herbal foods, and "natural" drugs claiming to do what modern medicine has found difficult to accomplish. One type of "alternative healing" is called Apitherapy. Apitherapy is defined as "the healing use of the products of the honeybee hive". Much of apitherapy is based on the properties of bee venom, though there are other byproducts (propolis, royal jelly, wax, honey and pollen) which have claimed to be beneficial. The major reason this therapy has come to light is because bee venom is an anti-inflammatory affect, as well as other agents which stimulate the body's immune system. Pure bee venom (Apitox) has been tested and found to be safe in humans and animals by the International Pain Institute. The byproducts of honeybees seem to have a lot of potential for effective treatment of many medical conditions. One example would be propolis. Propolis seems to have antibiotic properties. It is much better antibiotic than chemical antibiotics because it only kills the harmful bacteria in the body, whereas chemical antibiotics kill all bacteria in the body. There are even claims that it has been proven that propolis can even kill bacteria that have become resistant to other antibiotics. Royal Jelly is another compound that is supposed to have beneficial effects and have boosting energy to treating kidney disease, even boosting sex drive. Veterinary apitherapy as complementary and alternative veterinary medicine is an inclusive term that describes treatments, therapies, and modalities that are not accepted as components of main-stream veterinary education or practice, but that are performed on animals by some practitioners. Bee products contain a vast spread of pharmacologically-active ingredients and each one has its own unique combination and properties. Recognized actions include anthelmintic, anti-catarrhal, anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-spasmodic, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, stimulant and tonic. In our research and clinical background, we have used bee products to solve some animal pathologic problems such as mastitis in dairy herds, dermatology in carnivores, surgery, burn and wound management etc.

Biography:

Ângela Martins is the clinical director of the Arrabida Veterinary Hospital and of the 1st Functional Animal Rehabilitation Center–CRAA. She is working as a Professor at Lusofona University, on the discipline: Physical Medicine and Animal Rehabilitation, and guest professor on the same topic at the Technical University of Lisbon. She has completed her degree in Veterinary Medicine in 1991 and Post graduated in emergencies, orthopedic and neurologie, at University Lusofona. She wrote few articles on Functional Neuro-Rehabilitation. She is a member of AARV–IAVRPT. She has completed several courses like CCRP in 2012 from University of Tennessee, ESAVS-Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy of Small Animals in 2010 and Course of traumatologyorthopedic rehabilitation in 2012.

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This study intended to adjust and apply a functional neurorehabilitation (FNR) protocol with balance training for dogs with peripheral vestibular syndrome (PVS). These protocols intended to stimulate neuroplasticity of the vestibular system, promoting static balance; and also of the central nervous system, promoting dynamic balance. According that and in order to eliminate all empirical evaluation was created a pioneer scale in veterinary medicine – a balance scale, which represents an analogy of the human’s medicine balance scale (Berg Balance Scale). This scale evaluates the ability of keeping active stance, sit after standing, standing after sitting, walking in strait line and in circles, go up and downstairs and finding balance after dislocation of the gravity center. This scale showed to be essential evaluating and monitoring these dogs, avoiding clinical discharge of only compensated dogs instead of rehabilitated. To prove its usefulness, this scale was applied to a group of 21 dogs with PVS, being successful not only to evaluate and monitor them but also to prove that application of FNR protocols with balance training was more beneficial than the administration of corticosteroids or the application of only basic treatment. It was also showed that the administration of corticosteroids does not have benefits in the final performance.

Biography:

Ali Hassanpour is large animal internist.  He has completed his PhD at the age of 31 years from Department of clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. He is Associate professor of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. He has published more than 40 papers in reputed journals.

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This study was conducted on horses with strangles for evaluation serum concentration of Vitamin C (Vit C), Vitamin E (Vit E), Selenium (Sel) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) in the horses with strangles. 60 horses confirmed on the bases of clinical and laboratory signs of strangles. Blood samples tacked from jugular vein and separated serum. Sampling performed from 52 healthy horses with similar ages, feed and condition, too. Serum concentrations of Vit E, Vit C, Se and serum’s activity of GPx, enzyme measured in the samples. Mean serum levels of selenium, vitamin E, vitamin C and serum glutathione peroxidase activity in horses with strangles were reduced and except vitamin C this reduction were significant. Patient's hemoglobin level was significantly increased. Evaluate the correlation between serum selenium and serum glutathione peroxidase activity, vitamin E and hemoglobin were found in horses with strangles showed that there is a positive correlation between serum selenium and those antioxidants and with increasing serum's selenium, those serum antioxidants increased, too. In patients this antioxidant serum marker in all three was significant (r: 0.945, r: 0.561 and r: 0.893). In healthy horses correlation between selenium with glutathione peroxidase and hemoglobin was significant but with vitamin E was non-significant. In conclusion, in horses with strangles selenium, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E reduced and supply of these antioxidants in the treatment and control of the disease is important.

Biography:

Amouoghli Tabrizi B has completed his PhD at the age of 33 years from Department of clinical sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. He is member of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. He has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals. 

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Calcium-Magnesium and phosphorous and phasphotase alkaline enzyme is an important enzyme in body that do many physiological activities and is one of important elements of skeletan structure. On the other hand beestings is one of the important compositions for newborn calf, especially in first 6 hours. In this study, serum standards of calcium, manganese, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase hare been examine 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the birth of Holstein cows. Serum standards of these elements and enzyme before and during parturition in mother have been examined. Serum standard of calcium in mother before and during parturition have been in the least amount in competition to other times (P<0.05). Serum average of this element in calf in 24, 48 and 72 hours after birth relative to mother and calf in the time of birth had meaningful increase. Serum amount of phosphorous in mother during parturition was in the least amount. In calfs after birth and 24, 48 and 72 hours after birth the phosphor increases and this increase is meaningful (P<0.05). Serum amount of Magnesium before and during parturition in mothers were low to calfs but in calfs during birth had meaning ful increase to mother(P<0.05) and this increase last from 24 to 72 hours, so that statistical comparition of serum anount of Magnesium in calfs showed statistical  increase in 24, 42 and 72 hours to birth time and mother (P<0.05). the amount this enzyme before and during  parturition in mothers is more than calfs. The comparision of serum amount of this enzyme showed meaningful decrease (P<0.05) in calf during birth and 24, 48 and 72 hours after birth to mother before and during parturition.

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Meat tenderness is a highly desired quality trait in meat, that affect both acceptability and palatability. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of unripe papaya fruits as meat marinade. Two muscles (costa oculus and semitendiosus) of three beef carcasses were used. Nine unripe papaya fruits were collected and prepared in three forms (powder, extract and slices). One kg of each muscle from each carcass was used. Four slices were cut from each muscle (each weigh 200 g and 2.5cm thick). Three incisions were made on the surfaces of the slices. Each slice was assigned for each treatment (four treatments). Two g of the powder form were scattered on the surface of each slices assigned for powder treatment. Two ml of the fruit extract were sprayed on the surface of the slice assigned for extract treatment. Nine thin fruit slices were stuffed in the incisions of the slices assigned for slices treatment and removed before cooking. The treated slices were wrapped in aluminum foil and left for one hour before cooking. Little salt was added to each slice and the cooking trays were rubbed with thin layer of vegetable oil. The cooking was done in an electric kitchen oven at 200ËšC for one hour. The cooked slices were cut into small pieces of 10 g. Six trained panelists evaluated the sensory traits (tenderness, taste and flavor) plus the number of chewings in each day (three days). The results showed a positive effect of the different forms of papaya fruits on the different traits compared with the control. There was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in tenderness among the different treatments, with powder form had the highest effect followed by the slices and extract forms. Although there was no significant difference in the number of chewings due to different treatments, but still, there was a negative effect of the different forms of papaya fruits on the number of chewings compared with the control. There was no significant difference in other sensory traits among the different treatments. For high tenderness in tough meat cuts, it is recommended to use unripe papaya fruit powder.

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The goal of this study is to discuss the potential antibacterial activity of some Saudi Arabia honeys against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains of medical importance.  The antimicrobial activity of ten Saudi Arabia honeys against five pathogenic bacterial strains which has antibiotic-resistant including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All honeys tested exhibited antibacterial activity against all five bacterial strains with different levels according to the type. The potential activity was differing according the pathogen and honey type. It could be concluded that the results of the current study indicate that Saudi honeys inhibits the growth and survival of bacterial strains and that honey can be used as complementary antimicrobial agent against pathogenic bacteria.

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D Isam Adawi Abdalla is currently working as a professor in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gezira, Sudan.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of camel nutrition on their milk and urine chemical composition. A total of 30 she camels were selected from 6 herds from two different areas. All camels were Arabian type. The she- camels were in their first to third lactation time and in their second to eighth month of lactation. The camel herds at Elmanagil area were put in naturally grazing regime which was grasses plus browsing on shrubs and trees of different types, mostly Acacias, at the time of sample collection. Those at Tambool area received normal concentrate rations containing sorghum grains, ground nut cakes, wheat bran, and dry roughages in the form of sorghum stalks and Abu 70 hay inside their fens. Milk and urine samples were collected from each camel and subjected to chemical analyses. Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in minerals content of both milk and urine of the two treatments. As for minerals like Ca, K and Mg levels in urine were found to be higher than those in milk, while Na level was higher in milk compared to that in urine. The mineral contents in the urine of the camels of Elmanagil area were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the urine collected from camels of Tambool area. There was a significant (P < 0.05) differences in fat content between the two treatments. Fat content was significantly higher in the camel milk produced in Tambool area. Therefore, natural grazing and browsing of camels on trees is strongly recommended because they produce higher levels of Ca, K, Na and Mg in their milk and urine than their counterpart group of camels which were fed on concentrates.

Biography:

Eman Hussien Abdel-Rahman is currently working as Professor in National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt since 2005. In 1990, she was appointed as Assistant Researcher at the National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. In 1995, she was appointed as Researcher at the National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. In 2000, she was appointed as Associate Professor at the National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. In 2005, she was appointed as Professor at the National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Eman Hussien Abdel-Rahman received her B.Sc. in Zoology in 1981 at Cairo University, Egypt. She got M.Sc. in Immunoparasitology in 1990 from Cairo University, Egypt. Dr. Eman Hussien Abdel-Rahman obtained Ph.D. from Cairo University, Egypt in 1995 in Immunoparasitology. Eman Hussien Abdel-Rahman’s current research interests are Immunoparasitology, Biological Control, DNA Technology, Glycoprotein Antigens, Parasitology.

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A method of affinity chromatography was adopted to isolate mannosyl glycoprotein antigen from Trichinella spiralis crude larval antigen using concanavalin A (Con A) column. The selection of con A column was based on the existence of mannose sugar in T.spiralis larval extract as proved by indirect haemagglutination inhibition assay. The isolated mannosyl fraction was evaluated by ELISA and Western blot techniques for the serological diagnosis of trichinosis in experimentally infected rats. Either early in one week post infection (P.I.) or in the late stage, six weeks P.I., the isolated mannosyl fraction proved higher potency in the diagnosis of rat experimental trichinosis than crude extract by ELISA. The isolated mannosyl fraction resolved into four bands of 65KDa, 54KDa, 30 KDa and 11KDa compared with multiple bands of crude extract as observed by SDS-PAGE. A 30 KDa mannosyle glycoprotein(s) isolated from T.spiralis crude larval extract proved potentials in early as well as late diagnosis of experimental trichinosis in rats as proved by western blot.

Biography:

Mona Said Mahmoud is currently working as a Professor of Parasitology and Head of the Veterinary Research Division at National Research Center, Egypt. Mona Said graduated from Veterinary College, Cairo University in 1984 and obtained her Master and PhD in Parasitology in 1992 and 1998 respectively. She spent the next five years as a researcher followed by five years as an assistant professor, and became a professor from 2008 till now, working on developing techniques for diagnosis and control of parasitic diseases. She contributed to teach in training courses including immunology and molecular biology, as well as, supervision of Mater and PhD students on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and piroplasmosis.

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The present study was undertaken in an effort to furnish information and materials for investigating control of babesiosis in sheep. Sonicated erythrocytes infected with Babesia ovis Egyptian strain was subjected to ion exchange chromatography. The proteins were fractionated into two purified fractions (unbound & bound). Sodium dodecyl sulphate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) fractionation of the crude sonicated antigen and the two purified fractions showed obvious qualitative and quantitative differences. The two purified fractions were used as immunogens for two groups of sheep using Freund's adjuvants in two successive doses. The two immunized groups plus a control one were challenged with 2.5 X 105 cryo-preserved infected erythrocytes with a homologous strain of Babesia ovis. Blood samples were collected for assessment of packed cell volume and parasiteamia percentage. The indirect fluorescent and immuno-blotting techniques were used for evaluation of immunization process. All animals in immunized groups were protected against infection, when compared with those in control group.

Biography:

Ashraf Mohamed Abdel Khalek Barakat is currently working as a Professor and Head of department of Zoonotic Diseases in National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt since 2011. In 1987, he was appointed as Assistant Researcher at the National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. In 1993, he was appointed as Researcher at the National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. In 2005, he was appointed as Associate Professor at the National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. In 2011, she was appointed as Professor at the National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Ashraf Mohamed Abdel Khalek .Barakat received his B.Sc. in Veterinary Medicine in 1981 at Cairo University, Egypt. He got M.Sc. in Infectious Diseases (Parasitology) in 1987 from Cairo University, Egypt. Dr. Ashraf Mohamed Abdel Khalek .Barakat obtained Ph.D. from Cairo University, Egypt in 1993 in Infectious Diseases (Parasitology). He has been the principal investigator on multiple research projects within the National Research Center. He also served on the board of multiple national and international scientific journals. Ashraf Mohamed Abdel Khalek .Barakat current research interests are Zoonotic diseases, Epidemiology , Molecular and Immunoparasitology, Biological Control, DNA Technology, Parasitology.

Abstract:

Several Campylobacter species are known to be pathogenic to humans, with Campylobacter jejuni being the main leading cause of campylobacteriosis worldwide. The present investigation aimed to detect C. jejuni from chicken, water, milk and milk products and humans among 4 Egyptian Governorates (Cairo, Fayoum, Minya and Qalubiya) using conventional method and PCR. This study spots light on this concept to indemnify zoonotic hazard of C. jejuni by molecular characterization and indirect fluorescent of Egyptian isolates from both chickens and human in contact. From various Egyptian governorates. Samples from both symptomatic consumers with history of chickens poisoning and chicken handler. Also Samples as water, milk and milk products were subjected to standard phenotypic identification of C.jejuni, and subsequently immunofluorescent technique (IFT) identification and genetic amplification by PCR using specific primers of hipO gene. It is clear that C. jejuni could be detected from chicken (38.6 %), human stool (33.3%), water samples (30%), total milk and milk products samples (7.9%). While the percentages were chicken (80 %), water (76.7 %), milk and its products (72.5 %) and human (76.3 %) usig PCR. PCR was definitive, reliable, and facilitated rapid identification of C. jejuni to the species level. It concluded that poor hygiene and sanitation in poultry farms could explain this high level of prevalence of C. jejuni among the examined samples. A high risk score for Campylobacter jejuni in chicken was obtained in Egypt . This result may contribute to development of food safety management strategies. Key efforts should be made to control the risk of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken and milk and milk products in Egypt., especially in chick breeding and chicken preparation processes.

Biography:

Ghanem H E A has been pursuing his MVSc in Poultry Diseases in Cairo University.

Abstract:

Campylobacter lives in the intestines of birds (specifically poultry) and other animals. It can be found in water, food, or surfaces that have been contaminated with the feces of infected birds. This work was done to investigate the molecular characterization of C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from rectal swabs of chicken, intestinal content, gizzard, liver, eggs, water and ration from chicken farms. We collected 498 samples from chicken (n=143) broilers and (n=355) layers at different localities. All samples were examined by conventional methods for isolation and identification of Campylobacters. Samples were subjected to standard phenotypic identification of C.jejuni and C. coli by PCR using specific primers of hippuricase gene. The prevalence of Campylobacter isolate was 21.89%; in rectal swabs 23.77%, intestine 24 %, liver 23 %, 21.48% in eggs, 12% water and 6.67% in ratio respectively. Out of 109 identified isolates, 81(16, 27%) C. jejuni isolates were higher than 28(5.62%) C.coli. A multiplex-PCR method was developed for the detection of C. jejuni and C. coli. Primers were the hippuricase gene (hipO) C. jejuni at 323bp and (C. coli glyA) characteristic of C.coli at 126bp in chicken isolates in Egypt. The virulence genes of C. jejuni (FlaA, virB11) have shown at 855 bp and 494 bp respectively. But the cytolethal distending toxin (cdtB and cdtC) of C. jejuni have shown at 495 bp and 555 bp respectively, indicating the virulence of the isolates. The results of the present study showed that all analyzed isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli contained the flaA gene. On the other hand, the virB11 gene was present only in 10 of 81 of the analyzed isolates, whereas most of the strains contained the cdt genes. Finally, we concluded that PCR detection of Campylobacter virulence can be utilized as a simple and rapid tool to discriminate stains and we need devise effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against Campylobacter infection in chicken.

Biography:

Hamouda A G is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Poultry and Poultry diseases in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

Abstract:

Campylobacter lives in the intestines of birds (specifically poultry) and other animals. It can be found in water, food, or surfaces that have been contaminated with the feces of infected birds. This work was done to investigate the molecular characterization of C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from rectal swabs of chicken, intestinal content, gizzard, liver, eggs, water and ration from chicken farms. We collected 498 samples from chicken (n=143) broilers and (n=355) layers at different localities. All samples were examined by conventional methods for isolation and identification of Campylobacters. Samples were subjected to standard phenotypic identification of C.jejuni and C. coli by PCR using specific primers of hippuricase gene. The prevalence of Campylobacter isolate was 21.89%; in rectal swabs 23.77%, intestine 24 %, liver 23 %, 21.48% in eggs, 12% water and 6.67% in ration respectively. Out of 109 identified isolates, 81(16, 27%) C. jejuni isolates were higher than 28(5.62%) C.coli. A multiplex-PCR method was developed for the detection of C. jejuni and C. coli. Primers were the hippuricase gene (hipO) C. jejuni at 323bp and (C. coli glyA) characteristic of C.coli at 126bp in chicken isolates in Egypt. The virulence genes of C. jejuni (FlaA, virB11) have shown at 855 bp and 494 bp respectively. But the cytolethal distending toxin (cdtB and cdtC) of C. jejuni have shown at 495 bp and 555 bp respectively, indicating the virulence of the isolates. The results of the present study showed that all analyzed isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli contained the flaA gene. On the other hand, the virB11 gene was present only in 10 of 81 of the analyzed isolates, whereas most of the strains contained the cdt genes. Finally, we concluded that PCR detection of Campylobacter virulence can be utilized as a simple and rapid tool to discriminate stains and we need devise effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against Campylobacter infection in chicken.

Biography:

Mona M Sobhy has completed his PhD at the age of 35 years from Cairo University and work in Animal reproduction research institue since 1983 till now. She is the Head of Dept of Reproductive Diseases of Animals. She has published more than 45 papers in reputed journals and has been as a supervisor of more than 20 thesis of Master and Ph. Degree.

Abstract:

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Prevalence in farm animals is important to public and animal health. The aim was to investigate the presence of C. burnetii in cattle, sheep and goats. We collected 360 samples consisted of pooled milk and serum 180 of each from dairy cattle (n=180) dairy goats (n=60) and dairy sheep (n=120) from Qaluobia, Monofia, Gharbia and Kafr ElSheikh Governorates. All samples were examined by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for IgG antibodies against C. burnetii phase II antigen. The prevalence of antibodies in dairy herds was 22.5 % with large regional differences. The study revealed that antibodies against C. burnetii in cattle raw milk and sera were 14.44% and 31.11% respectively, in goat raw milk and sera were 26.67% and 46.67% respectively and in sheep raw milk and sera were 21.67% and 33.33% respectively.

These results denoted that the apparently healthy cattle, sheep and goats are an important reservoir of C.burnetii infection. Coxiella burnetii is shed in milk of the infected animals; therefore, their milk should not be consumed raw or sold unpasteurized directly to the consumers. Pasteurization milk at 145° F (63° C) for at least 30 minutes or at 161° F (72° C) for 15 seconds is sufficient to C. burnetii, as well as other pathogens that can be present in raw milk.

Finally, we conclude that it is of utmost importance to avoid contact with the placenta, birth products, fetal membranes, and aborted fetuses of sheep, cattle, and goats. Eat and drink only pasteurized milk and milk products. Further investigations must be done for C. burnetii infection in the aborted cases of farm animals.

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Biography:

Nisreen Ezz eldien is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Parasitology in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Cairo University, Egypt

Abstract:

A total of 100 fish samples belonging to Solea vulgaris (50) and Tilapia zilli (50) were collected during summer 2015 from Qarun lake, Fayoum province, Egypt and were investigated for the parasitic isopods infection. Results revealed total prevalence of 18% with two isopod species .The detected isopods were identified as Nerocila orbignyi from the skin of Solea vulgaris with a rate of 22% and Renocila thresherorum from the buccal cavity of Tilapia zilli with an infestation rate of 14% Results obtained revealed severe pathological lesions in the infested fishes at the site of parasites attachment. In Tilapia zilli, the buccal mucosa was inflamed together with prominent focal hyperplastic proliferation of the epithelium. In Solea vulgaris fishes where the parasites were detected on the skin, the lesions characterized by myositis accompanied with myolysis and myophagia at the site of parasites attachment with remnants of the parasite between the necrotic myofibers.

Biography:

Abstract:

The ameliorative potential and antioxidant capacity of an extract of Urtica dioica seeds (UDS) was investigated using histopathological changes in liver and kidney of broiler, measuring serum marker enzymes, antioxidant defence systems and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) content in various tissues of broilers exposed to aflatoxin (AF). A total of 32 broilers were divided randomly into 4 groups: control, UDS extract-treated, AF-treated and AF+UDS extract-treated. Broilers in control and UDS extract-treated groups were fed on a diet without AF. The AF-treated group and AF+UDS extract-treated groups were treated with an estimated 1 mg total AF/kg feed. The AF+UDS extract groups received in addition 30 ml UDS extract/kg diet for 21d. The AF-treated group had significantly decreased body weight gain when compared to the other groups. Biochemical analysis showed a small increase in the concentrations of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase in the AF-treated group compared to that of the control group, whereas concentrations of these enzymes were decreased in the AF+UDS group compared to that of the AF-treated group. Administration of supplementary UDS extract helped restore the AF-induced increase in MDA and reduced the antioxidant system towards normality, particularly in the liver, brain, kidney and heart. Hepatorenal protection by UDS extracts was further supported by the almost normal histology in AF +UDS extract-treated group as compared to the degenerative changes in the AF-treated broilers. It was concluded that UDS extract has a protective hepatorenal effect in broilers affected by aflatoxicosis, probably acting by promoting the antioxidative defence systems.

Biography:

Abstract:

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) is an etiological factor for recurrent pregnancy loss and major congenital malformations in the offspring. Antioxidant therapy has been advocated to overcome the oxidant-antioxidant disequilibrium inherent in diabetes. Our aims were to evaluate the protective effect of lipoic acid (LA) on fetal outcome and to elucidate changes that may be involved in the mechanism(s) implicit diabetic fetopathy. Female rats were rendered hyperglycemic using streptozocin and then mated with normal male rat. Pregnant non-diabetic (group1; n=9; and group2; n= 7) or pregnant diabetic (group 3; n=10; and group 4; n=8) rats were treated daily with either LA (30 mg/kg body weight; groups 2 and 4) or vehicle (groups 1 and 3) between gestational days 0 and 15. On day 15 of gestation, the rats were sacrificed, and the fetuses, placentas and membranes dissected out of the uterine horns. Following morphological examination, the fetuses, placentas and membranes were homogenized, and used to measure cyclooxygenase (COX) activities and metabolisms of prostaglandin (PG) E2 (PGEM) and PGF2 (PGFM) levels. Maternal liver and plasma total glutathione levels were also determined. Supplementation of diabetic rats with LA was found to significantly (p<0.05) reduced resorption rates in diabetic rats and increased mean fetal weight compared to vehicle-treated diabetic (V-TD) group. Treatment of diabetic rats with LA (LA-TD) leads to a significant (p<0.05) increase in liver and plasma total glutathione, in comparison with V-TD rats. Decreased levels of PGEM and elevated levels of PGFM in the fetuses, placentas and membranes were characteristic of experimental diabetic gestation associated with malformation. LA treatment to diabetic mothers failed to normalize levels of PGEM to the vehicle–treated control rats. However, the levels of PGEM in malformed fetuses from LA-TD mothers was significantly (p< 0.05) higher than those in malformed fetuses from V-TD rats. LA can reduce congenital malformations in the offspring of diabetic rats at day 15 of gestation. Thus, LA treatment did not completely prevent the occurrence of malformations, other factors, such as arachidonic acid deficiency and altered prostaglandin metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of the diabetes-induced congenital malformations.

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This study was Carried out to evaluate the inclusion of safflower seeds supplemented with molasses on broiler chickens performance and carcass traits. A total of 108 cobb strain unsexed one day old broiler chicks into six isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets and each contained three replicates (6 birds/replicates) in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were: No additives as control (A), 5% safflower seeds without molasses (B), 10% safflower seeds without molasses (C), 5% safflower seeds with 3% molasses (D), 10% safflower seeds with 3% molasses (E) and 3% molasses without safflower (F) Feed and water were provided ad lib till the termination of the trial after 42 days. Parameters measured were feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), relative weight of internal organs (dressing percentage, liver, gizzard, abdominal fat, heart and shrink percentage) and meat proximate analysis. The result revealed that birds fed 5% safflower seeds with 3% molasses consumed higher feed. However, no significant differences were observed between dietary groups for body weight gain, FCR, pre slaughter, hot carcass, cold carcass and relative weight of liver, abdominal fat, gizzard and heart. Inclusion of 10% safflower seeds without molasses and 5% safflower with 3% molasses decreased shrink relative weight. Meat analysis showed that birds fed A, CC, E and F recorded significant (p<0.05) higher protein content. Moreover, non significant difference were observed for moisture content, ash content, ether extract and fiber content. In conclusion, safflower seeds with molasses could be effective in enhancing broiler performance and decreasing shrink relative weight.

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The goals of this study were to investigate the level of acute phase proteins in dairy cows with urinary tract infection (UTI) and to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic value. Eighty-four lactating cows with clinical and laboratory evidence of UTI and 15 healthy controls were included in this study. Serum samples were evaluated for the levels of Haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), fibrinogen (Fb), α1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP), total protein, and globulin. The diagnostic and prognostic performance of each parameter was evaluated by estimating the area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC). Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium spp. were the primary bacteria associated with UTI. The levels of serum Hp, SAA, Fb, AGP, total protein, and globulin were significantly higher in UTI cows. Successfully treated cows (n=51) had lower levels of Hp, SAA, AGP, total protein, and globulin than non-responsive cows. Overall, Hp, SAA, Fb, and AGP showed comparable diagnostic accuracy (AUROC ranged from 0.93 to 0.98). Both Hp and SAA showed high accuracy in predicting treatment response (AUROC>0.95), whereas Fb level was of no prognostic value (AUROC=0.48). From this study, acute phase proteins levels can be used as markers for UTI in cows and higher levels of Hp, SAA and AGP are related to poor treatment response.

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Tajeldin Abdallah Mohamed Nour has joined CVRL late in the year 1998 at the age of 43 and has completed his PhD at the age of 53 from Sudan Academy of Sciences .He is the head of viral vaccines production compound since 2011.He has published 7 papers in referred journals, and supervised 3 master degree students and co-supervisor for 2 PhD students. He is a member of the scientific committee of the CVRL. He was a member of the International Goat Association. He has participated in many workshops both internally and abroad. He attended FAO meeting which was held in Sharm Elsheikh, Egypt in 2015, the subject was to maintain the world free from Rinderpest. He has been teaching virology to master degree students at the Sudan Academy of Sciences and University of Khartoum. He cooperated with some researchers who investigated antiviral activity of some Sudanese plants.

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The camel Population in the Sudan is about 2.5 million heads and camel pox disease is wide spread and it leads to high economical losses, disease control is also important for camel export. Camel pox vaccine was s produced using a master seed lot which was donated by PANVAC and cultivated on a continuous cell line of African green monkey kidney cell (VERO) and tested for the first time in Sudan. The vaccine was produced according to OIE manual and subjected to potency, safety and efficacy tests in the host animals. The identity test for vaccine virus and locally isolated wild type virus was done as the first step using AGID, VN, and PCR tests. Moreover, sterility test was done for bacterial, mycoplasmal and fungal contaminations. The working seed bank was further tested for safety by inoculation of 6 susceptible camels with 10x the recommended field dose of camel pox vaccine (104 TCID50) using the subcutaneous route .The vaccine efficacy was also demonstrated in 14 healthy susceptible camels. Thus, 10 camels were vaccinated by 103 TCID50 by S/C route and 4 were inoculated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and kept as control. The vaccine was safe and the inoculated animals remained healthy without any adverse reaction, neither signs of illness nor a rise in rectal temperature were recorded for up to 40 days post vaccination. Seromonitoring of the vaccinated camels revealed production of protective immune response after the fourth week of vaccination, while control camels did not seroconvert. Forty days post vaccination all the vaccinated and control groups were challenged by 105.6 TCID50 S/C with camel pox. Wild type virus, only the control group developed very severe clinical signs and fever 40oc with generalized and localized camel pox lesions, while the vaccinated groups withstood the test without death or clinical signs. These results confirm that the produced vaccine batch was safe, and immunogenic under laboratory and field trials, which was conducted using 300 camels.

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Fernando Alba-Hurtado completed his PhD at 1999 from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Nowadays is graduate and research coordinator of the FES-Cuautitlán-UNAM. He has published more than 40 papers in reputed journals. He has directed five PhD thesis 11 thesis of MsC 43 veterinary bachelor thesis.

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Cockroaches are cosmopolitan and omnivorous insects which can ingest feces from dogs therefore, it has been suggested that cockroaches could disseminate Toxocara canis eggs. The aim of this study was to determine if Periplaneta americana cockroaches are capable of disseminating infective eggs from T. canis (ieTc). They were used 100 groups of infected cockroaches with approximately 500 ieTc/cockroaches were used (n=2). A direct microscopic test with feces of each group of cockroaches was made daily to determine the number of ieTc/released in feces. Feces from other 60 infected cockroaches were employed to inoculated rats. Seven groups of rats (n=5) were used; rats of groups 1,2,3,4 and 5 were inoculated with 5mg of feces from days 1,2,3,6 and 10 post-infection respectively; group 6 and 7 served as positive and negative controls respectively. Rats were euthanized at day 20 post-infection; brain, lung, liver and kidney were taken and artificially digested to count the quantity of larvae present in them. Finally, serum levels of anti-Toxocara antibodies were measured through ELISA test. The cockroaches released ieTc in feces during the first six days pos-infection. Rats inoculated with cockroaches –feces up to 6 days pos-infection had larvae in different organs (mainly in brain and lung) and higher specific antibodies levels than the control group (p<0.01). These results show insect-mammal T. canis transmission, and it suggests than cockroaches could be a good disseminator of T. canis in nature.

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Mai has completed her PhD at the age of 29 years from Cairo University. She is Lecturer of Parasitology, Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University. She is member of Egyptian veterinary parasitology association. She has published three papers. She obtained a training course (Molecular Based Techniques (PCR and RT-PCR) Biotechnology center for services and Researches of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University. She has Attendance workshop (Step by step guide to submit a manuscript to an international journal) which was organized by journal of advanced research, in The central library, Cairo University.

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H. a. anatolicum was collected from naturally infested cattle in Baharia, Al Kharga Oases and Siwa (Egypt). Midgut antigens were purified in to three peaks (Peak I, peak II and peak III) by gel filtration chromatography for immunization of rabbits against tick infestation. Purified midgut peak III was a significant reduction in the biological parameters of tick and effect in feeding and reproduction performance of tick. Serum globulins were a significant (P > 0.05) increase in rabbits immunized with peak II then peak III of purified midgut. Antibody levels were detected by ELISA with a significant (P > 0.05) increase in rabbits with peak III. Detection of polypeptide bands by using SDS-PAGE. By using western blot, identified a 59, 51, 33 and 20KDa protein might be diagnostic specific in purified midgut (peak II &peak III) of H. a. anatolicum ticks while the polypeptide band with molecular weight 66 KDa was the most immunogenic epitopes might be play role in immunization and protection against H. a. anatolicum in Egypt.

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Turan Yaman has completed his PhD at the age of 31 years from Yuzuncu Yil University School of Veterinary Medicine. I have published more than 4 papers in reputed journals.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties and protective role of honey, considered a part of traditional medicine, against carcinogen chemical aflatoxin (AF) exposure in rats, which were evaluated by histopathological changes in liver and kidney, measuring level of serum marker enzymes, antioxidant defense systems, and lipid peroxidation content in liver, erythrocyte, brain, kidney, heart and lungs. For this purpose, a total of eighteen healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into three experimental groups: A (Control), B (AF-treated) and C (AF+honey-treated). While rats in group A were fed with a diet without AF, B, and C groups received 25 µg of AF/rat/day, where C group additionally received 1 mL/kg of honey by gavage for 90 days. At the end of the 90-day experimental period, we found that the honey supplementation decreased the lipid peroxidation and the levels of enzyme associated with liver damage, increased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the AF+honey-treated rats. Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of honey is further substantiated by showing almost normal histological architecture in AF+honey-treated group, compared to degenerative changes in the liver and kidney of AF-treated rats. Additionally, honey supplementation ameliorated antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation content in other tissues of AF+honey-treated rats. In conclusion, the present study indicates that honey has a hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effect in rats with experimental aflatoxicosis due to its antioxidant activity.

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Juan Tatay-Dualde is doing his PhD studies at the Department of Animal Health at the University of Murcia.

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Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) is one of the contagious agalactia (CA) causatives agents. Owing to the lack of other effective methods for control and prevention, antimicrobials are the most commonly selected treatment against this microorganism, being quinolones widely used. Quinolones interact with the bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, both implicated in DNA replication. DNA gyrase is compound by subunits A and B which are codified by gyrA and gyrB genes. Besides, topoisomerase IV is codified by parC and parE genes, and all of them (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE) are known as the Quinolone Resistance Determining Regions (QRDR). Prior studies have demonstrated the influence of those genes in the phenotypic resistance to quinolones in several species of Mycoplasma spp. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms involved quinolone resistances in Mcc are still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess changes at the QRDR region in connection with quinolones resistance. For that purpose, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin and moxifoxacin were used to select in vitro resistant mutant. The study was carried out with two Mcc field isolates (Cap1 and Cap4) and the reference strain, California Kid (CK) (NCTC 10154) by consecutively culture at subinhibitory antimicrobial concentration. MIC values were assessed between each step and when they increased, gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE were studied. Our results showed that when MIC values increased, changes were detected in all the studied genes but parE. Thus, we found 4 amino acid changes at gyrA (Ser83Ile, Cys84Thr, Ala119Thr, His154Arg), 3 amino acid changes at gyrB (Asp426Gly, Arg447Lys, Asn465Lys) and 4 amino acid changes at parC (Asp79His, Ser80Ile/Asn, Asp84Asn, Glu150Lys). However, the amino acid and position changed differed according to the strain and antimicrobial used. Moreover, the MICs values from which we were able to detect mutations varied according to de antimicrobial used. The different changes attributable to each mutation on the MIC value may be due to different effects in the structure of the proteins and consequent changes in the affinity of quinolone. Indeed, previous studies with Ureaplasma spp, demonstrated structural changes due to amino acid changes at positions 83 and 84 of the parC gene. Besides, except for the reported change at gyrA gene position 154, all the mutations observed in our study meant changing the polarity or charge of amino acids. These changes could explain protein conformational changes and thus lower affinity with quinolones.

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Poultry farming in India, in spite of several constraints, has progressed considerably during the last decade. Poultry production in India was confined to backyards till recently. Local breed of birds were reared for the supply of eggs and meat. The increasing demand for poultry products due to higher protein and nutritive values necessitates augmenting the supply of these poultry  product.  The present study has been undertaken to examine various aspects related to the growth and development of poultry production under natural conditions using natural least costly products in the country. Supplementation of germinated sorghum in the diets of broilers in place of normal maize as the grain part gives very good results in term of better growth performance of the broilers as well as the taste of the broiler meat. The experiment was conducted on 200 broiler day old chicks, which are randomly divided into five groups of 40 chicks each. The germinated sorghum was added as 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the total grain portion. Group 1 is kept as control, in group 2 the germinated sorghum was added 25% + 75% normal sorghum, group 3 the ratio is 50:50, group 4 it was 75:25 and in group 5 100% germinated sorghum is added to the feed of broilers. The live body weight and feed conversion efficiency was taken every week. It was observed that when the 50% and 75 percent germinated sorghum was added in the feed the growth rate was significantly higher than the other supplemented and non supplemented groups. Likewise the feed conversion efficiency was also significantly higher that means the bird was taken less feed but the conversion efficiency to the meat was more. On the basis of this this is concluded that the use of germinated grains give much profit because there is no use of costly growth promoters in this study.

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The main objectives of this study are to compare yoghurt made of goat, sheep and camel milk with cow milk yoghurt on the basis chemical composition and sensory evaluation, in addition to the effect of storage. Milk samples were collected from different farms in Shambat area, and the experiments were conducted in dairy laboratories, University of Khartoum using Lactoscan milk analyzer. The samples were taken from fresh milk and yoghurt of the different species for the comparison; also samples were taken for evaluation at 1st and 7th day of storage. Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used for the analysis of the data. The goat and cow milk yoghurt were significantly different at (p≤0.05) in fat (3.7 and 4.19%), respectively and in acidity (1.3 and 0.88%) respectively, while no significant differences were shown in total solids, protein and ash after the 1st day. Seven days of storage revealed significant variations (p≤0.05) in protein, total solid, ash and acidity with no significant variation in fat content. The comparison between sheep and cow milk yoghurt at the 1st day, there was a significant variation (p≤0.05) in fat, protein, total solid and acidity, and no significant variation in ash content. There was a significant variation (p≤0.05) in protein, total solid, ash and acidity percentage, and no significant variation in fat content at the 7th day of storage. For the camel and cow milk yoghurt at the 1st day there was significant variation (p≤0.05) in fat, total solid, ash and acidity content, also there was no significant variation in protein content at the 7th day. When comparing fresh milk and yoghurt in the same species, a significant difference (p≤0.05) was found in total solid and acidity, no significant variation in fat and protein in goat and camel milk and yoghurt, and they were significantly higher in sheep yoghurt compared to sheep milk. The three species were not significantly different in ash content of fresh milk and yoghurt. Sensory evaluation of yoghurt at the first day of processing showed that the most accepted color is for goat yoghurt and the best flavor, texture and taste is for sheep yoghurt. The evaluation at 7th day of storage indicated that the accepted color for the sheep and goat yoghurt, and the best flavor and taste is for sheep yoghurt but goat yoghurt has get best texture than other samples. Further studies and research are needed to improve the quantity and quality of goat, sheep and camel yoghurt.

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Shahzad Akbar Khan is currently working as a Professor in the Department of Pathologic Sciences State University Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.

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Study on immunopathological parameters has shown alterations in different organ systems induced by ochratoxin-A (OTA). This study was designed to evaluate immunopathological responses of broiler chicks kept on different levels of OTA contaminated feed. For this purpose, one day old, 42 broiler chicks were divided into seven groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, G). Group A, was kept as control, while groups B, C, D, E , F and G were fed OTA contaminated diet at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 mg/Kg feed, respectively, for 21 days. Relative weights of liver, kidneys, bursa, thymus and spleen were recorded at the end of experiment. Hematologic profile and histopathological alterations in liver, kidneys, spleen, bursa and thymus of chicks was determined to assess the OTA mediated damage. Serum concentration of IgY and Ig A were measured for determination of humoral immune response. Clinical signs exhibited by the chicks included severe diarrhea, dullness, depression, decrease feed intake, increase water intake and rippled feathers. Gross pathological lesions on liver and kidneys included lighter in coloration, friable and hemorrhagic. A significant increase (p<0.05) in the relative weight of kidneys and liver was observed in OTA fed chicks group C, D, E, F and G, while significant decrease (p<0.05) in weight of bursa and thymus was observed in all OTA treated groups, similarly, significant reduction (p<0.05) in relative weight of spleen was observed in OTA treated groups F and G. Histologically, liver and kidneys of chicks showed degenerative and infiltrative changes while spleen, bursa and thymus showed marked reduction of lymphoid cell. Hematological profile indicated significant decrease (p<0.05) in hematocrit, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, leukocytes and lymphocytes, while significant increase (p<0.05) in heterophils and monocytes. Eosinophils were detected in chicks treated with higher doses of 0.9 and 1.1 mg/kg of feed. Level of IgY and IgA was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in all OTA treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The findings of this study suggested that there were immunopathological effects from OTA in the chicks kept on low to higher doses of OTA-contaminated diet even OTA @ 0.1mg/kg of feed.

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The present study was conducted to evaluate the importance of some metabolic profile tests in diagnosis and prognosis of infertile cows suffering from smooth inactive ovaries and cystic ovaries. In addition to determining serum biochemical and hormonal changes associated with these problems. The main complaint was delayed estrus and lower conception rate. Twenty-three dairy cows were divided into three groups according to rectal palpation selected from different localities at El-Farafra and El-Dakhla Oases, New Valley governorate. The first group (n=12) showed small and smooth ovaries (clinically showing anestrum). The second group (n=5) had cystic ovaries (showed repeat breeder). The last two infertile groups fed Berseem hegazy (Alfalfa) only or Berseem hegazy and Boos or Tibin. The third group, control healthy, fertile cows  (n=6) exhibited a physiological estrous cycle and showing regular conception rate. They were fed balanced ration (Berseem; Trifolium alexanderinum), concentrates, corn, tibin. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein puncture from all animals for determination of serum biochemical parameters, micro- and macro- elements and hormonal analyses. Representative samples of soil, plants and wells' water from different studied localities were collected for determination of available phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese and copper. Estimation of electrical conductivity in the water was also done. Analysis of the data revealed that anestrum cows had significantly low levels of phosphorus, sodium, copper, selenium and iron. However, cows suffered from cystic ovaries had significantly low phosphorus, selenium and iron levels. The two infertile groups had significantly higher serum calcium/phosphorus ratio, aspartate aminotrasferase activity and estrogen. There was a marked decrease in serum total proteins, blood urea nitrogen, progesterone concentrations in both infertile groups. Serum cholesterol, T3 and T4 were markedly decreased, while serum triglycerides were increased in cystic ovaries group. Analysis of the soil and plants revealed low phosphorus concentrations and high levels of some trace elements' content. In conclusion, absence of balanced ration, deficiency of phosphorus in soil and feed, and presence of phytoestrogenic isoflavones led to dysfunction of the ovaries in the examined dairy cows with subsequent low in conception rate and high incidence of infertility. Soil must be treated with phosphate fertilizers. Berseem hegazy must be supported by adding concentrates and mineral mixture. containing sodium dihydrogen phosphate, selenium and vitamins.

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A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to April 2011 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis and to identify the prevailing species of trypanosomes in cattle present in and around Nekemte. Blood sample were collected from ear vein of 400 cattle and then examined using thin and thick smear method followed by Buffy coat examination. Anemic status was determined by Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Out of 400 samples were examined, 36 (9%) were positive, out of which 26 (0.065%) had Trypanosoma vivax and 10 (0.025%) had T. congolense. The mean PCV of the infected animal is 19.36 and that of non-infected animal is 27.54, which indicates a significant difference between these animals. Trypanosomosis is a fatal and economically devastating disease and the major constraint to production by causing loss of the livestock. Therefore, the better strategies to prevent this disease includes: avoidance of animals from tsetse-infested areas, tsetse fly control by using different scientific methods (such as, sterile insect technique, use of acaricides), prophylactic use of trypanocidal drugs, keeping of trypanoresistant breeds and good husbandry practice for the prevention of the disease.

Biography:

Faten A.M. Abo-Aziza has completed her PhD in 2012 from Beni-Suef University and postdoctoral studies from Kyushu Univ., Graduate School of Dental Science, Japan. is currently serving as researcher of clinical pathology in National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. Also she joined the translation of chain books of stem cells and she is interested in mesenchymal stem cells application research.

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In cellular therapy field, the impact of confluence degree to harvest or differentiate BMMSCs and the effect created by cell-to-cell contact remains controversial. Therefore, the impact of 20, 50, 70, 80 and 100% confluences on BMMSCs proliferation properties, ERK and p-ERK proteins expression and glucose consumption rate was studied. Confluence-associated osteogenic differentiation efficiency was identified by determining calcium deposition, alizarin red staining, Alkaline phosphatase activity and osteopontin and osteocalcin genes expression. There was a correlation between confluence% and density. Viability was declined at the lower and higher confluences. The highest CFU-F, Brd-U uptake and population doubling were obtained at 80% confluence. ERK band intensity in 100% confluent BMMSCs was lower. Bands of p-ERK were highly detectable at 70% and 80% confluences. Glucose consumption rate at 70% and 80% confluences were higher than at 20% and 100% confluences. Although higher osteogenic differentiation appeared at 80% confluence, it was also extended at 100% confluence. Osteopontin gene expressed among all confluences while osteocalcin gene was highly expressed in 70% confluence. We concluded that the optimum seeding density for maximal expansion and harvesting purposes is 80% confluence and up to 100% confluence for osteogenic differentiation to trigger the process to be more cost effective.

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Ismail Demircioglu is pursuing his PhD education from Istanbul University. He is working as a Research Assistant in Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.

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Ismail Demircioglu is pursuing his PhD from Istanbul University. He works as a Researcher Assistant in Harran University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.

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Kahraman H A is a PhD student and a Research Assistant at Secuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in the Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Turkey

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Atsushi Kimura is currently working as a researcher at Morioka-Chiiki Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Japan.

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Céline Nicolas graduated in Veterinary Medicine and received PhD from the University of Nantes (France). She then worked as a Post-doctoral fellow and Research Assistant at the University of Bristol (UK) for 5 years and at the University of Nice (France ) for 2 years. She has published a dozen articles in reputed journals and joined Virbac in 2016 to work as a Scientific Writer in the Medical department, in 2016.

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Cephalexin is a first-line antibiotic with a large spectrum widely used in veterinary medicine. Acceptability of this product by catis of great importance to allow management of infections. The aim of this study was to compare the acceptability of 3 different cephalexin-containing antibiotics: Rilexine®75 mg (Virbac, France), Therios®75 mg (Ceva, France) and Cefaclear® 75 mg (Kyoritsu, Japan). 30 cats (domestic shorthairs, ≥9 months of age and average body weight: 3.6 kg) were divided into 3 groups and received a single administration of each product, in a different, randomized order per group (random cross-over) for 3 days: on days 1, 2 and 3, Group 1 received Rilexine®, Therios® and Cefaclear® respectively, Group 2 received Therios®, Cefaclear® and Rilexine®, respectively and Group 3 received Cefaclear®, Rilexine® and Therios®, respectively. The person giving the tablet was blinded concerning the products, which were named with letters A, B or C. The tablet was put in a bowl for 2 minutes and then presented in the hand of the experimenter (with glove) for 30 seconds if the cat did not take it in the bowl. A monitoring sheet with informations concerning intake (bowl, hand or no intake) and consumption (total, partial or none) for every cat was filled each day. A general mixed model for correlated data assuming a binomial distribution and a logit link was used to compare the 3 groups. Pair wise comparisons were performed at the 5% significant threshold. The number of cats (%) taking the product (in bowl or hand) were: 26/30 (86.7%), 20/30 (66.7%) and 23/30 (76.7%) for Rilexine®, Therios® and Cefaclear®, respectively. The number of cats (%) consuming the whole product were: 23/30 (76.7%), 20/30 (66.7%) and 20/30 (66.7%), respectively. Although not significantly different, more cats took and consumed Rilexine than the 2 other products, suggesting a better acceptability of Rilexine. In conclusion, Rilexine® is taken and consumed spontaneously by most cats. This good acceptability should allow good treatment compliance, which is of interest for long-term management of skin infections, for example.

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Maria Grochowska is a Dipterologist at Maria Curie Sklodowska University. She has been involved in monitoring of Culicoides-BTV and SBV vectors in Poland for 8 years. She has authored many articles published in reputed journals. Currently, she is working on a project under Programme of Applied Research: Assessment of the spread and importance of infection with the Schmallenberg virus in Poland.

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Céline Nicolas graduated in Veterinary Medicine and received PhD from the University of Nantes (France). She then worked as a Post-doctoral fellow and Research Assistant at the University of Bristol (UK) for 5 years and at the University of Nice (France ) for 2 years. She has published a dozen articles in reputed journals and joined Virbac in 2016 to work as a Scientific Writer in the Medical department, in 2016.

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Patric Maurer has completed his Graduation in 2013 and currently is a Research Assistant at the Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig. He is specialising in Meat Hygiene and investigates different issues of veterinary public health. He achieved the Saxon Certificate of Higher Education Didactics and, currently, is pursuing his Doctoral entitled “the development and quality assessment of the extramural practical trainings in abattoirs in German veterinary education”.

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Shiro Kushibiki has completed his PhD from Tohoku University and Post-doctoral studies from National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS). He is an Associate Director of Ruminant Metabolism Unit of NILGS. He has published more than 30 papers in reputed journals and is serving as a Professor of Tsukuba University.

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Toshihiro Ichijo is currently working as a researcher in the Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine at Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Japan.

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Soft X-ray equipment has been used to image birds. The purpose of this study was to acquire and examine diagnostic images in the whooper swan. The head, thorax, and wings of five swans from the Iwate Prefectural Wildlife Protection Center were imaged using digital X-ray equipment (Aero DR system; Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) and an X-ray generator (Mikasa, Tokyo, Japan). The conditions were 50-55 kV, 0.5-1.0 mA, and a file focus distance of 100 cm. The image data were analyzed with the software. The images revealed that the lateral thoracic tracheal cartilage spiraled around the chest cavity and was connected to the left and right air sacs. The syrinx seemed to spiral in some sections. The soft tissues of the heart and gizzard, the pelvic, hip, leg bones and the muscles were all clearly seen. The tail anteroposterior image revealed the intestine, the shafts of the tail feathers, the feather valves, and the wing roots. Sufficient contrast resulted in clear visualization of soft tissue. The skeleton, soft tissue and cartilage were revealed well by digital X-ray imaging, suggesting applications in diagnostic imaging.

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Faten A M Abo-Aziza has completed her PhD from Beni-Suef University in 2012 and Post-doctoral studies from Kyushu University, Graduate School of Dental Science, Japan. She is currently serving as a Researcher of Clinical Pathology at the National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. Her research interest is Mesenchymal Stem Cells Application.

Abstract:

In cellular therapy field, the impact of confluence degree to harvest or differentiate BMMSCs and the effect created by cell-to-cell contact remains controversial. Therefore, the impact of 20, 50, 70, 80 and 100% confluences on BMMSCs proliferation properties, ERK and p-ERK proteins expression and glucose consumption rate was studied. Confluence-associated osteogenic differentiation efficiency was identified by determining calcium deposition, alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteopontin and osteocalcin genes expression. There was a correlation between confluence% and density. Viability was declined at the lower and higher confluences. The highest CFU-F, Brd-U uptake and population doubling were obtained at 80% confluence. ERK band intensity in 100% confluent BMMSCs was lower. Bands of p-ERK were highly detectable at 70% and 80% confluences. Glucose consumption rate at 70% and 80% confluences were higher than at 20% and 100% confluences. Although higher osteogenic differentiation appeared at 80% confluence, it was also extended at 100% confluence. Osteopontin gene expressed among all confluences while osteocalcin gene was highly expressed in 70% confluence. We concluded that the optimum seeding density for maximal expansion and harvesting purposes is 80% confluence and up to 100% confluence for osteogenic differentiation to trigger the process to be more cost effective.